Information about book conditions, the various parts of books, sizes and formats, and various terms used in the book world. The terms used in descriptive bibliography to designate the Format shapes of books often cause more confusion than clarity. Terms such as folio, quarto 4to , octavo 8vo , etc. The precise use of these terms apply only to books printed and assembled in a certain manner, and printed on handmade or Laid Paper with chain lines. Such books had sections of their future pages Gatherings printed on both sides of large, single sheets of paper.
Folding a sheet parallel to its short side produces 2 leaves or 4 pages , folding again results in 4 leaves hence, quarto , thrice gives 8 leaves hence, octavo , and so on. If the sheet is folded parallel to its long side into thirds, then folded twice the other way, these 12 folds create a 24 leaves in a useful format called a duodecimo 12mo. By putting a number of quires together and stitching their edges, we can make a book. The number of times the whole sheet of paper is folded determines the size of the book, which is called " format.
A watermark is usually located in the center of one of the two leaves of the whole rectangular sheet folded along the center line. Therefore, the format of the book can be guessed by looking at which leaves of the book have part of a watermark. Therefore, the format can be determined by examining the direction of these lines held against the light. The letter "r" indicates the front side of the leaf recto and the letter "v" indicates the back of the leaf verso.
Red lines indicate the same edge of the sheet of paper. Folio two leaves, four pages has the two patterns shown below according to the way of folding paper. Quarto four leaves, eight pages has the four patterns shown below according to the way of folding paper. Octavo eight leaves, 16 pages has the eight patterns shown below according to the way of folding the paper. Pattern B' Pattern C. How are a watermark and a chain line visible in "folio" format?
A Folio may have two leaves in a quire, a Quarto four leaves, and an Octavo eight leaves. List of Signatures for the Quires in a printed book, with the number of leaves in each quire. Sometime used as a synonym for Composing , but more usually to describe the resulting printed text. Letter or number assigned to each Quire in a printed book, to aid the printing of the book and the assembly of its sheets in the correct order.
Copy of an Edition with minor variations resulting from changes made during printing. Sometimes called a state. Glossary Book-keeper Member of a company of players with responsibility for the Promptbooks.
Collation 1 Description of the physical make-up of a book, using a standardised formula to record the number of Quires and the number of leaves in each quire. Collation 2 Comparison of the text of one copy of printed book with that of another copy, to discover and record differences between them. Composing Placing type into a Forme for printing using a hand printing press.
Edition All the copies of a work printed at any time from substantially the same setting of type. These pages might not even be oriented in the same direction. In a quarto format, for instance, pages 1 and 8 were printed next to each other and head-to-head with pages 4 and 5. On the reverse, pages 2,3, 6, and 7 were printed in similar fashion. The reading order of a book emerged only in a later stage of the production process, when sheets would be folded in a certain pattern, and then those folded sheets would be gathered together in a certain order.
To keep track of the order, printers labeled each sheet with a letter of the alphabet or other characters. Once edges were cut and trimmed and the book was stitched and possibly bound, this complex process of conceptualization and production was lost to view.
Here we introduce you to the working knowledge of early modern printers through interactive exercises and downloadable content. In our virtual printing house, you can make your own quarto edition of Hamlet! Practice making a quarto edition of Hamlet in the virtual printing house.
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